VIRUSES AS LIVING SYSTEMS—A METACYBERNETIC VIEW

Viruses as Living Systems—A Metacybernetic View

The debate over whether viruses are living organisms tends to be paradigmatically determined.The metabolic paradigm denies that they are, while new research evidences the opposite.The purpose of this paper is to deliver a generic model for viral contexts that explains why viruses are alive.It will take a systems biology approach, with a qualitative

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Significant Depletion of CD4+ T Cells Occurs in the Oral Mucosa during Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with the Infected CD4+ T Cell Reservoir Continuing to Persist in the Oral Mucosa during Antiretroviral Therapy

Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) infections are characterized by manifestation of numerous opportunistic infections and inflammatory conditions in the oral mucosa.The loss of CD4+ T cells that play a critical role in maintaining mucosal immunity likely contributes to this process.Here we show that CD4+ T cells constitute a mino

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